Management of patients in acute period of non-traumatic cerebellar hematoma
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25305/unj.54142Keywords:
non-traumatic cerebral haematoma, hemorrhagic stroke, CT, medication, external ventricular drainage, microsurgical evacuation, stereotactic surgery, fibrinolysis, endoscopy, neuronavigation, miniinvasive neurosurgeryAbstract
In the literature review key issues of non-traumatic cerebellar hematoma (NCH) diagnostics, conservative and surgical treatment in acute period are outlined. Medication includes: haemostatic therapy, arterial hypertension correction, neurological and somatic state monitoring and their disorders correction, treatment of intracranial hypertension, hyperglycemia correction, anticonvulsants, correction of high body temperature, inhibition of kallikrein and protease, neuroprotection and venous tromboembolism and pulmonary embolism prevention. Indications to NCH surgical treatment and types of interventions are considered in details: external ventricular drainage, microsurgery (open) or stereotactic evacuation and neuronavigation with local fibrinolysis.References
1. Perrini P, Tiezzi G, Castagna M, Vannozzi R. Three-dimensional microsurgical anatomy of cerebellar peduncles. Neurosurg Rev. 2013 Apr;36(2):215-25. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Mussi A, Rhoton A. Telovelar approach to the fourth ventricle: microsurgical anatomy. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(5):812-23. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Heros R. Cerebellar hemorrhage and infarction. Stroke. 1982;13(1):106-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. McKissock W, Richardson A, Walsh L. Spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhage: a study of 34 consecutive cases treated surgically. Brain. 1960;83:1-9.
5. Dinsdale H. Spontaneous hemorrhage in the posterior fossa. Arch Neurol. 1964;10(2):200-17. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Dzenis YuL, Kadykov AS. Rezul'taty medikamentoznogo i khirurgicheskogo lecheniya netravmaticheskikh mozgovykh gematom [The results of medical and surgical treatment of non-traumatic cerebral hematomas]. Prakt. Nevrologiya, Neyroreabilitatsiya. 2009;2:4-7. Russian.
7. Dammann P, Asgari S, Bassiouni H, Gasser T, Panagiotopoulos V, Gizewski ER, Stolke D, Sure U, Sandalcioglu IE. Spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage - experience with 57 surgically treated patients and review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev. 2011;34(1):77-86. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Tsitsopoulos P, Tobieson L, Enblad P, Marklund N. Prognostic factors and long-term outcome following surgical treatment of 76 patients with spontaneous cerebellar haematoma. Acta Neurochir. 2012;154(7):1189-95. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. Da Pian R, Bazzan A, Pasqualin A. Surgical versus medical treatment of spontaneous posterior fossa haematomas: a cooperative study on 205 cases. Neurol Res. 1984 Sep;6(3):145-51. [PubMed]
10. Vereshchagin NV, editor. Insul't. Printsipy diagnostiki, lecheniya i profilaktiki [Stroke. Principles of diagnostics, treatment and prevention]. Moscow: Intermedkniga; 2002. Russian.
11. Peresedov VV, Vereshchagin NV, Dzenis IuL, Piradov PA, Dobzhanskiĭ NV, Kugoev AI, Tiurnikov VM. [A treatment procedure for nontraumatic cerebellar hemorrhages]. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko. 1997 Oct-Dec;(4):3-7. Russian. [PubMed]
12. Mironov NV, Arkhipov SL, Gavrilov ES, Iakhno NN. [Spontaneous cerebellar hematoma with a favorable course]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1991;91(1):21-5. Russian. [PubMed]
13. Amcheslavskiy VG, Potapov AA, Gaytur EI, Parfenov AL. Printsipy intensivnoy terapii tyazheloy cherepno-mozgovoy travmy. Klinicheskoye rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoy travme [Principles of intensive treatment of severe traumatic brain injury. Clinical guidelines for traumatic brain injury]. Moscow: Antidor; 2001;2. p.158-210. Russian.
14. Tsarenko S.V. Neyroreanimatologiya. Intensivnaya terapiya cherepno-mozgovoy travmy [Neyroreanimatology. Intensive care of traumatic brain injury]. Moscow: Meditsina; 2009. Russian.
15. Piradov M.A. Intensivnaya terapiya tyazhelykh form insul'ta [Intensive therapy of severe stroke]. In: Suslina ZA, editor. Ocherki nevrologii [Sketches of Neurology]. Moscow: Atmosfera; 2005. p.216-221. Russian.
16. Dzenis YuL, Kadykov AS. Osnovnyye printsipy lecheniya netravmaticheskikh vnutrimozgovykh gematom v ostrom periode [Basic principles of treatment of non-traumatic intracerebral hematomas in the acute stage]. Prakt. Nevrologiya, Neyroreabilitatsiya. 2008;3:37-42. Russian.
17. Petachenko GA, Pastushin IP. Krovoizliyaniya v mozzhechok [Hemorrhage in the cerebellum]. Kiev: Zdorov’ya; 1975. Russian.
18. Pastushin I.P. Klinika, diagnostika i khirurgicheskoye lecheniye krovoizliyaniy v mozzhechok [The clinic, diagnosis and surgical treatment of hemorrhage in the cerebellum] [dissertation]. Moscow (Russia); 1970. Russian.
19. Zieger A, Vonofakos D, Steudel W, Düsterbehn G. Nontraumatic intracerebellar hematomas: Prognostic value of volumetric evaluation by computed tomography. Surg Neurol. 1984;22(5):491-4. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Regli F, Pia HW, Langmaid C, Zierski J. Initial clinical course and prognostic factors in intracerebral haematomas. Clinical types of cerebellar haemorrages. In: Spontaneous intracerebral haematomas. Advances in diagnosis and therapy. Berlin: Springer; 1980. p.234-301.
21. Donauer E, Loew F, Faubert C, Alesch F, Schaan M. Prognostic factors in the treatment of cerebellar haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir. 1994;131(1-2):59-66. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Dolderer S, Kallenberg K, Aschoff A, Schwab S, Schwarz S. Long-Term Outcome after Spontaneous Cerebellar Haemorrhage. Eur Neurol. 2004;52(2):112-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Vereshchagin NV, Piradov MA. Printsipy vedeniya i lecheniya bol'nykh v ostreyshiy period insul'ta [Principles of management and treatment of patients in the acute phase of stroke]. Vestn. Intensiv. Terapii. 1997;1-2:35-8. Russian.
24. Broderick J, Adams H, Barsan W, Feinberg W, Feldmann E, Grotta J, Kase C, Krieger D, Mayberg M, Tilley B, Zabramski JM, Zuccarello M. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 1999;30(4):905-15. [CrossRef]
25. Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E, Hanley D, Kase C, Krieger D, Mayberg M, Morgenstern L, Ogilvy CS, Vespa P, Zuccarello M. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults: 2007 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke. 2007;38(6):1-23. [CrossRef]
26. Vilenskiy BS. Neotlozhnyye sostoyaniya v nevrologii [Emergencies in neurology]. Sankt-Peterburg: Foliant; 2006. Russian.
27. Broderick J, Brott T, Tomsick T, Barsan W, Spilker J. Ultra-early evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1990;72(2):195-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Kazui S, Minematsu K, Yamamoto H, Sawada T, Yamaguchi T. Predisposing factors to enlargement of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma. Stroke. 1997;28(12):2370-5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Yim MB, Doh HJ, Kim IM [et al.]. Enhanced focus in hypertensive ICH on CT scan suggests early enlargement of hematoma. In: Proceedings 12 World Congress of Neurosurgery; 2001 Sept. 16-20; Sidney, Australia. Sydney, 2001. p.619-621.
30. Hedner U. Mechanism of action of factor VIIa in the treatment of coagulopathies. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006 Apr;32 Suppl 1:77-85. [PubMed]
31. Roberts H, Monroe DM, White GC. The use of recombinant factor VIIa in the treatment of bleeding disorders. Blood. 2004;104(13):3858-64. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Sahni R, Weinberger J. Management of intracerebral hemorrhage. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007;3(5):701-9. [PubMed]
33. Uchino K, Pary JK, Grotta JC. Acute stroke care. Cambridge: Cambr. Univ. Press; 2011.
34. Fredriksson K, Norrving B, Stromblad L. Emergency reversal of anticoagulation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1992;23(7):972-7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Practice parameter for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelets. Fresh-Frozen Plasma, Cryoprecipitate, and Platelets Administration Practice Guidelines Development Task Force of the College of American Pathologists. JAMA. 1994;271(10):777-81. [CrossRef]
36. Skoromets AA, Sorokoumov VA, Mozhayev SV, Barantsevich YeR. Izmeneniya serdechno-sosudistoy sistemy i mozgovyye insul'ty [Changes in the cardiovascular system and cerebral strokes]. Vrach. Vedomosti. 1997;16:45-48. Russian.
37. Tsarenko SV, Krylov VV. Intensivnaya terapiya zabolevaniy i povrezhdeniy mozga [Intensive therapy of diseases and injuries of the brain]. Nevrol. Zhurn. 2005;10(2):9-13. Russian.
38. Diringer M, Zazulia A. Osmotic therapy: fact and fiction. Neurocrit Care. 2004;1(2):219-34. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. Jauch E, Lindsell C, Adeoye O, Khoury J, Barsan W, Broderick J, Pancioli A, Brott T^. Lack of evidence for an association between hemodynamic variables and hematoma growth in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2006;37(8):2061-5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Diringer M. Intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 1993;21(10):1591-603. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
41. Krylov VV, Dash'yan VG, Burov SA, Petrikov SS. Khirurgiya gemorragicheskogo insul'ta [Surgery at hemorrhagic stroke]. Moscow: Meditsina; 2012. Russian.
42. Rosner M, Rosner S, Johnson A. Cerebral perfusion pressure: management protocol and clinical results. J Neurosurg. 1995;83(6):949-62. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Bruce D, Langfitt T, Miller J, Schutz H, Vapalahti MP, Stanek A, Goldberg HI. Regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain metabolism in comatose patients. J Neurosurg. 1973;38(2):131-44. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Kontos HA, Wei EP, Navari RM, Levasseur JE, Rosenblum WI, Patterson JL Jr. Responses of cerebral arteries and arterioles to acute hypotension and hypertension. Am J Physiol. 1978 Apr;234(4):H371-83. [PubMed]
45. Reilly P, Bullock R. Management of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion. In: Head injury: Pathophysiology and Management. London: Chapman&Hall Medical; 2005.
46. Shirshov AV, Dobzhanskiy NV, Piradov MA, Vereshchagin NV. Sovremennyye podkhody k khirurgicheskomu lecheniyu spontannykh krovoizliyaniy v mozg [Modern approaches to surgical treatment of spontaneous bleeding into the brain]. In: Suslova ZA, editor. Ocherki nevrologii [Sketches of neurology]. Moscow: Atmosfera; 2005. p.222-230. Russian.
47. Shirshov AV. Supratentorial'nyye gipertenzivnyye vnutrimozgovyye krovoizliyaniya, oslozhnennyye ostroy obstruktivnoy gidrotsefaliyey i proryvom krovi v zheludochkovuyu sistemu [Supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, complications of acute obstructive hydrocephalus and a breakthrough of blood in the ventricular system] [dissertation]. Moscow (Russia): Neurology Institute of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; 2006. Russian.
48. Holloway K, Barnes T, Choi S, Bullock R, Marshall LF, Eisenberg HM, Jane JA, Ward JD, Young HF, Marmarou A. Ventriculostomy infections: the effect of monitoring duration and catheter exchange in 584 patients. J Neurosurg. 1996;85(3):419-24. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. Lozier A, Sciacca R, Romagnoli M, Connolly E. Ventriculostomy-related infections: a critical review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(1):170-82. [CrossRef]
50. Qureshi A, Suarez J. Use of hypertonic saline solutions in treatment of cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(9):3301-13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Starchenko AA. Klinicheskaya neyroreanimatologiya [Clinical neyroreanimatology]. Moscow: MEDpress-inform; 2007. Russian.
52. Matta B, Lam A, Mayberg T. The influence of arterial oxygenation on cerebral venous oxygen saturation during hyperventilation. Can J Anaesth. 1994;41(11):1041-6. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Mendelow A, Teasdale G, Russell T, Flood J, Patterson J, Murray G. Effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure in human head injury. J Neurosurg. 1985;63(1):43-8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54. Mendelow A, Gregson B, Fernandes H [et al.]. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9457):387-97. [CrossRef]
55. Muizelaar J, Wei E, Kontos H, Becker D. Mannitol causes compensatory cerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilation in response to blood viscosity changes. J Neurosurg. 1983;59(5):822-8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
56. Yoshihara M, Bandoh K, Marmarou A. Cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity assessed by intracranial pressure dynamics in severely head injured patients. J Neurosurg. 1995;82(3):386-93. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
57. Cruz J. An additional therapeutic effect of adequate hyperventilation in severe acute brain trauma: normalization of cerebral glucose uptake. J Neurosurg. 1995;82(3):379-85. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
58. De Salles A, Muizelaar P, Young H. Hyperglycemia, cerebrospinal fluid lactic acidosis, and cerebral blood flow in severely head-injured patients. Neurosurgery. 1987;21(1):45-50. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
59. Vinnitskiy LI, Vitvitskaya IM, Popov OYu. Immunoterapiya sepsisa —-mif ili real'nost' [mmunotherapy sepsis - myth or reality]. Anestezilologiya i Reanimatologiya. 1997;3:97-98.
60. Endo T, Su CC, Nakagawa A. [et al.] Clinical outcome following emergency operation for SAH with massive intra-Sylvial hematoma. In: Proceedings 12 World Congress of Neurosurgery; 2001 Sept. 16-20; Sidney, Australia. Sydney, 2001. p.644-646.
61. Demchuk A, Morgenstern L, Krieger D, Linda C, Hu W, Wein T, Hardy RJ, Grotta J, Buchan A. Serum glucose level and diabetes predict tissue plasminogen activator related intracerebral hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999;30(1):34-9. [CrossRef]
62. van Kooten F, Hoogerbrugge N, Naarding P, Koudstaal P. Hyperglycemia in the acute phase of stroke is not caused by stress. Stroke. 1993;24(8):1129-32. [CrossRef]
63. Meierkord H, Boon P, Engelsen B, Gцcke K, Shorvon S, Tinuper P, Holtkamp M. EFNS guideline on the management of status epilepticus. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(5):445-50. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Schwarz S, Hafner K, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Incidence and prognostic significance of fever following intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2000;54(2):354-61. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
65. Ausman J, McCormick P, Stewart M et al. Cerebral oxygen metabolism during hypothermic circulatory arrest in humans. J Neurosurg. 1993;79(6):810-5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66. Ginsberg MD, Sternau LL, Globus MY, Dietrich WD, Busto R.Therapeutic modulation of brain temperature: relevance to ischemic brain injury. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev. 1992 Fall;4(3):189-225. [PubMed]
67. Valeyev YeK. Klinika i lecheniye tyazheloy cherepno-mozgovoy travmy v ostrom periode [Clinic and treatment of severe traumatic brain injury in the acute period] [dissertation]. Moscow; 1988. Russian.
68. Vasil'yeva T.G. Aktivizatsiya protsessov ogranichennogo proteoliza v mekhanizmakh povrezhdeniya pri neyrokhirurgicheskikh zabolevaniyakh [Activation processes limited proteolysis in the mechanisms of damage in neurosurgical diseases]. In: Abstract Book of the 1st Congress of neurosurgeons of Russian Federation; 1995; Yeraterinburg, Russia. Yeraterinburg, 1995. p.401. Russain.
69. Lunev DK, Lebedeva NV. Diagnostika i lecheniye ostrykh narusheniy mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniya: Metod. ukazaniya [Diagnosis and treatment of stroke: Guidelines]. Moscow; 1987. Russian.
70. Salalykin VI, Arutyunov AI. Gipoksiya golovnogo [Hypoxia of the brain]. — Moscow: Meditsina; 1978. Russian.
71. Dzenis J. Mental recovery after traumatic brain injury: a multidisciplinary approach. In: Conference Materials; 2008 July 2-4; Moscow, 2008. p.53. Russian.
72. Alekseyeva GV. Klinika, profilaktika i terapiya postgipoksicheskikh entsefalopatiy: Metod. rekomendatsii [The clinic, prevention and therapy posthypoxic encephalopathies: Guidelines]. Mosskva; 1996. Russian.
73. Rumyantseva SA, Belevich SB, Silina YeV, Fedin AI. Antioksidantnaya terapiya gemorragicheskogo insul'ta [Antioxidant therapy of hemorrhagic stroke]. Moscow: Med. kniga; 2007. Russian.
74. Suslina ZA, Varakin YuYa, Bereshchagin NV. Sosudistyye zabolevaniya golovnogo mozga [Vascular diseases of the brain]. Moscow: MEDpress-inform; 2006. Russian.
75. Zhdanov GG, Kuligin AV. Nekotoryye aspekty intensivnoy terapii komatoznykh sostoyaniy [Some aspects of comatose states intensive care]. Vestn. Intensiv. Terapii. 2003;3:44-4. Russian.
76. Lacut K, Bressollette L, Le Gal G, Etienne E, De Tinteniac A, Renault A, Rouhart F, Besson G, Garcia JF, Mottier D, Oger E. Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2005;65(6):865-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
77. Boeer A, Voth E, Henze T, Prange H. Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiat. 1991;54(5):466-7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
78. Little J, Tubman D, Ethier R. Cerebellar hemorrhage in adults. Diagnosis by computerized tomography. J Neurosurg. 1978;48(4):575-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
79. van der Hoop R, Vermeulen M, van Gin J. Cerebellar hemorrhage: diagnosis and treatment. Surg Neurol. 1988;29(1):6-10. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
80. Labauge R, Boukobza M, Zinszner J, Blard JM, Pages M, Salvaing P. [Spontaneous hematomas of the cerebellum. 28 personal cases]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1983;139(3):193-204. French. [PubMed]
81. Greenberg MS. Handbook of neurosurgery. 6th ed. New York: Theme Med. Publ.; 2006.
82. Cohen Z, Ram Z, Knoller N, Peles E, Hadani M. Management and otcome of non-traumatic cerebellar haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;14(3-4):207-13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
83. Waidhauser E, Hamburger C, Marguth F. Neurosurgical management of cerebellar hemorrhage. Neurosurg Rev. 1990;13(3):211-7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
84. Gaberel T, Magheru C, Parienti J, Huttner H, Vivien D, Emery E. Intraventricular fibrinolysis versus external ventricular drainage alone in intraventricular hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2011;42(10):2776-81. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
85. Kirollos R, Tyagi A, Ross S, van Hille P, Marks P. Management of spontaneous cerebellar hematomas: a prospective treatment protocol. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(6):1378-87. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
86. Krylov VV, Dash'yan VG, Murashko AA, Burov SA. Gemorragicheskiy insul't zadney cherepnoy yamki [Hemorrhagic stroke in posterior fossa]. Neyrokhirurgiya. 2006;4:6-12. Russian.
87. Dash'yan V, Murashko A, Krylov V. Vybor taktiki lecheniya gipertenzivnykh gematom mozzhechka [Choice of tactics of treatment of hypertensive cerebellar hematomas]. In: Abstract Book of the IV Congress of Neurosurgeons of Russia; 2006 June 18-22; Moscow, Russia. Moscow, 2006. p.258-259. Russian.
88. Salvati M, Cervoni L, Raco A, Delfini R. Spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage: clinical remarks on 50 cases. Surg Neurol. 2001;55(3):156-61. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
89. Moon KS, Hyung KP, Yoon SM [et al.]. Outcomes in the management of spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2006;40:234-8.
90. Gilliard C, Mathurin P, Passagia JG, Kallel S, Thauvoy C, Stroobandt G. [Spontaneous hematoma of the cerebellum]. Neurochirurgie. 1990;36(6):347-53. French. [PubMed]
91. Auer L, Auer T, Sayama I. Indications for surgical treatment of cerebellar haemorrhage and infarction. Acta Neurochir. 1986;79(2-4):74-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
92. Torkildsen A. Spontaneous intracerebellar hemorrhage treated by operation / A. Torkildsen. Zbl Neurochir. 1937;4:242-6.
93. Kobayashi S, Sato A, Kageyama Y, Nakamura H, Watanabe Y, Yamaura A. Treatment of hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage–surgical or conservative management? Neurosurgery. 1994;34(2):246-51. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
94. Dunne JW, Chakera T, Kermode S. Cerebellar haemorrhage--diagnosis and treatment: a study of 75 consecutive cases. QJ Med. 1987 Sep;64(245):739-54. [PubMed]
95. Mezzadri J, Otero J, Ottino C. Management of 50 spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhages. Importance of obstructive hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir. 1993;122(1-2):39-44. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
96. Etou A, Mohadjer M, Braus D, Mundinger F. Stereotactic evacuation and fibrinolysis of cerebellar hematomas. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1990;54(1-8):445-50. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
97. Fadrus P, Smrcka V, Svoboda T, Maca K, Nadvornik P, Neuman E. Stereotactic evacuation of spontaneous infratentorial hemorrhage with monitoring of intracerebral pressure. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2004;105(5-6):235-9. [PubMed]
Mohadjer M, Eggert R, May J, Mayfrank L. CT-guided stereotactic fibrinolysis of spontaneous and hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage: long-term results. J Neurosurg. 1990;73(2):217-22. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
98. Kim J, Lee M, Park I. [et al.]. Suboccipital lateral approach in the supine position for stereotactic aspiration of cerebellar hematoma. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2004;35:183-7.
99. Auer L. Endoscopic evacuation of intracerebral haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir. 1985;74(3-4):124-8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
100. Niizuma H, Suzuki J. Computed tomography-guided stereotactic aspiration of posterior fossa hematomas. Neurosurgery. 1987;21(3):422-7. [CrossRef]
101. Krylov VV, Burov SA, Galankina IYe, Dash'yan VG. Punktsionnaya aspiratsiya i lokal'nyy fibrinoliz v khirurgii vnutricherepnykh krovoizliyaniy [Puncture aspiration and local fibrinolysis in the surgery of intracranial hemorrhage]. Moscow: Avtorskaya Akademiya; 2009. Russian.
102. Saribekyan AS. Khirurgicheskoye lecheniye gemorragicheskogo insul'ta metodom punktsionnoy aspiratsii i lokal'nogo fibrinoliza [Surgical treatment of hemorrhagic stroke by needle aspiration and local fibrinolysis]. Moscow: Letopis'; 2009. Russian.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Yuris Dzenis
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Ukrainian Neurosurgical Journal abides by the CREATIVE COMMONS copyright rights and permissions for open access journals.
Authors, who are published in this Journal, agree to the following conditions:
1. The authors reserve the right to authorship of the work and pass the first publication right of this work to the Journal under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows others to freely distribute the published research with the obligatory reference to the authors of the original work and the first publication of the work in this Journal.
2. The authors have the right to conclude separate supplement agreements that relate to non-exclusive work distribution in the form of which it has been published by the Journal (for example, to upload the work to the online storage of the Journal or publish it as part of a monograph), provided that the reference to the first publication of the work in this Journal is included.
